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Research Methodology and Special Skills
This course will enable students to understand and know the theoretical and practical approach of Research Methodology, Statistical Methods, Errors in Observation & calculations, Numerical Methods and Statistical Softwares.
Research: Meaning, Definition, Methodology, Research process, Criterion of good research
Types of Research: Fundamental or Basic, Applied, Historical, Descriptive, Analytical quantitative, qualitative, Conceptual Experimental, Case study
Research Design: Meaning, Concepts, need, designs for different types of research; library, laboratory and field research; Advantages of Designing Research
Research Problem and Developing Research proposal: Selection of research area and topic, statement of the research problem, its scope, steps involved in defining the problem.
Literature Search: Reviewing related literature, referencing, abstracting, Computer search, bibliography, evaluation of the problem. Report writing: Types, Format
Defining concepts, objectives, basic assumptions, delimitations and limitations of the problem, Statement of Hypothesis.
Variables: Independent and dependent variables, qualitative and quantitative variables, discrete and continuous variables, confounding variables, methods of controlling variables. Measurement of variables.
Sampling: Meaning, Characteristics of a good sample design, steps in sampling design, types, advantages
Techniques of Data Collection:
Primary data: Questionnaire, Schedules, Interview observation & other methods
Secondary data: Reliability, suitability & Adequacy of data.
Processing and Analysis of Data: Processing Operations: Editing, coding, classification and tabulation of data, Elements of Data Analysis, Role of statistics in Data Analysis. Statistical Tables
Probability: Basic Aspects, types, total and compound probability, Baye’s theorem
Statistical Methods: Measures of Central tendency and measures of dispersion
Regression and Correlation: Least square method of fitting a regression line, correlation coefficient (Karl Pearson and Rank).
Common Distribution functions: Binomial probability distribution, Poisson distribution and normal distribution.
Errors in Experiments: Errors in observations: random errors, systematic errors; Normal law of errors; Average error, Standard error and probable error; significant figures; percentage error. p-value, critical region, types of error.
Reliability of test scores: Concept, test retest method, parallel forms method, split half method. Validity of test scores: Concept, method of determination. Effect of length and range of test. Comparisons between reliability and validity
Introduction to SPSS: Data entry, descriptive statistics, data analysis using chi-square, t and F test, one way and two way ANOVA, reliability and validity of questionnaire
Introduction of R: Data types, operators, Plot a graph, descriptive statistics, correlation, regression and fitting of population distributions.
Books Recommended/ Reference Books:
- Agrawal, B.L., Basic statistics, New Delhi: New Age publishers.
- Ahuja Ram, Research Methods, Jaipur: Rawat Publication, 2006.
- Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, Bangalore, Wiley Eastern, 1989.
- Rosander, A.C., Elements of Probability and Principles of Statistics, Calcutta: East West Press, 1965.
- Bose, Pradip Kumar, Research Methodology, New Delhi:ICSSR, 1995
- Burns, Robert B. Introduction to Research Methods, New Delhi; Sage Publications, 2000.
- Sarvavanavel, P., Research Methodology, Allahabad; Kitab Mahal, 2003.
- Shanlla K.R. Research Methodology, New Delhi: National Publishing House, 2002.
- Gardener, M (2012) Beginning R: The Statistical Programming Language, Wiley Publications.
- Braun W J, Murdoch D J (2007): A First Course in Statistical Programming with R, Cambridge University Press. New York
- Rakshit, Sandip(2007):R Programming for Beginners, Scarborough J.B
